We are from Group 2 : FARAH NADIAH BINTI AMIR             A153820

                                                      LEE HUI FEN                                              A156220

                                                      ONG LAY YONG                                         A 156083

                                                      RAMAVISITHIRA A/P RAMASAMY   A153348

                                                      TAN PEI QI                                                   A156232

Preparation of deodorant

PREPARATION OF DEODORANT

OBJECTIVE:

To prepare deodorants with varying amount and type of fragrance incorporated and evaluate deodorants’ stability and safety.

INTRODUCTION:

Deodorants and anti-perspirants are preparation that can mask, remove or reduce the unpleasant odor on the body due to sweat. Sweat on its own does not generally have a smell; bacteria present on the surface of the skin digests the sweat and the digestion & breakdown products cause the odor. Therefore, a deodorant functions by decreasing the bacteria population on the skin or by adding fragrance to the body to overcome the foul odor. On the other hand, an anti-perspirant functions by reducing the production of sweat through its astringent property.

APPARATUS:

Water bath, evaporating dish, glass rod, weighing boat, dropper, beaker

INGREDIENTS:

Beeswax, cocoa butter, coconut oil , silicone oil, vitamin E oil, corn starch, essential oil/ perfumes

PROCEDURE:

1)   The beeswax and the cocoa butter were heated until they were melted. Then, the coconut, silicone and vitamin E oils were added.

2)   The essential oils or perfumes were added when all the oils and fats have melted.

3)   The corn starch was mixed in using a hand mixer until homogenous.

4)   Then molten mixture was poured into the container and it was allowed to cool until it hardens.

EVALUATION OF PRODUCTS:

1)      Each member of the group took her turn to test the products.

2)      A simple questionnaire that will allow each person to compare the effectiveness of each product and whether the fragrance incorporated is irritating to the skin was devised.

3)      In the morning of the test, shower was taken and we dried ourselves with towel. The underarm that will function as a control was determined. Any preparation was not allowed to be applied on that specific underarm. The same underarm was used as the control throughout the studies.

4)      On the other underarm, not more than 1g of the product was applied using the application provided.

5)      After exactly 9 hours of normal daily activities, the questionnaire was filled.

QUESTIONAIRE:

Questions	Rose (0.1%)	Rose (0.3%)	Rose (0.5%)	Topaz (0.2%)	Topaz (0.4%)
How do you think about the appearance of the product?
Do you think the selling price is suitable?
How do you feel after applying the product?
Does it effective in masking odor?
Does its effect long-lasting?

Tips: 1 – Worst, 2 – Bad, 3 – Normal, 4 – Great, 5 – Excellent

Does the deodorant produce unpleasant smell after applied? (Yes / No)

RESULTS:

       I.            Evaluation of products

Questions / type of fragrance used	Rose (0.1%)	Rose (0.3%)	Rose (0.5%)	Topaz (0.2%)	Topaz (0.4%)
How do you think about the appearance of the product?	3	3	3	3	3
Do you think the selling price is suitable?	4	3	3	3	4
How do you feel after applying the product?	4	4	3	4	4
Does it effective in masking odor?	2	2	1	2	2
Does its effect long-lasting?	3	1	2	2	3

Based on the result obtained from group members, the appearance of the product is normal, maybe not that attractive. Generally, they think that the selling price is affordable by average people. Next, most of the group members think that they feel great after applying the products, whereby no itching or greasy feeling occurred. However, the products are not so effective in odor masking and its effectiveness is not long-lasting.

DISCUSSIONS:

Antiperspirant is designed to limit eccrine sweat production while deodorant is tropically applied products designed to reduce underarm odor. Deodorant can only mask the unpleasant odor, but does not fully manage the bacteria which are the source of unpleasant odor. This is because deodorant does not contain antiperspirant active agent. Duration of deodorization, stability of fragrance, irritation potential, solubility, and viscosity of product and suitability of deodorant on the skin are the important criteria in preparing deodorant.

Deodorant and antiperspirant can be prepared in different dosage form, such as sticks, roll-ons, cream, pump sprays, aerosols, and gels. Roll-on deodorant is clear and normally do not cause stains, but it will create a wet feeling which causes the user to feel uncomfortable. Solid antiperspirant or deodorant is drier and contain soothing ingredients to counteract irritation, but it may stick to the fabric. Solid deodorant also has high possibility to cause respiratory irritation when accidentally inhalation of solid powder. Deodorant sprays are the most common dosage form found in the market. This is due to the fact that sprays dry faster and last longer compared to the roll-ons and solid dosage forms of deodorants. However the price may be a little expensive than the other dosage form, which may not be affordable by everyone. Deodorant can be formulated in acidic, alkaline or neutral medium.

            Duration of deodorization should be as long as possible and preferably does not cause stain on fabric. It would be more user-friendly if the deodorant or antiperspirant is stainless. Some component in the deodorant such as aluminum can cause yellow stain on fabric. The stability of fragrance should be high, and react well with the body odor. The product is considered not suitable for a particular individual if the smell of deodorant cannot blend well with the scent of body, producing a weird and uncomfortable scent. The fragrance of the deodorant is preferably to be mild, but enough to mask the bad odor. This is because the sharp and thick smell of deodorant may affect the other people who smell it. Higher viscosity deodorant and antiperspirant is more favorable as it is easier to control and apply a higher viscosity product rather than a lower one. The deodorant also should not be too greasy or oily when apply. The greasy properties may cause the user to feel uncomfortable when apply. The product should not be easily evaporated from the body, as the significant of masking odor decreases as the fragrance evaporates. A good deodorant or antiperspirant must not cause allergic action or irritation on the consumer. A tight regulation and test should be applied on the essential oils, fragrances, and the contents of the deodorant before it is sold in the market.

CONCLUSION:

As a conclusion, different people have different preference towards deodorants. Some people loves deodorant with less concentration of perfume, and different type of smell while others choose the deodorant not just depends on it’s smell only but depends whether the deodorant is sensitive to their skin or not and also take other factors in choosing deodorants to be used everyday.

REFERENCES:

1. 1) Health and Beauty Royale.com, Choosing the Right Deodorant for You, 11^th April 2014Youhttp://healthandbeautyroyale.com/choosing-right-deodorant/

2 .2) What Is Antiperspirant Deodorant?, Degree, 2016, http://www.degreedeodorant.com/sweat-facts/detail/973783/what-is-antiperspirant-deodorant

3.3) How Deodorants Work, Mental_floss, 24^th September 2015, http://mentalfloss.com/article/68960/how-does-deodorant-work

PREPARATION OF POWDER ROUGE

OBJECTIVES:

1.       To formulate dry powder rouge.

2.       To study the factor affecting color shading in powder rouge.

3.       To evaluate the effect of storage condition on the final product.

INTRODUCTION:

       Rouges were used to colour the lips in early days which becoming more popular in the use of stick rouge or lipstick. However, nowadays rouge is a cosmetics used to apply color to the cheeks to create a more healthy appearance on the skin. Powder rouges did not differ from face powder apart from being more highly coloured and opaque. This preparation requires higher concentrations of dyes and pigments along with opacifiers like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. Rouge is used to simulate a natural glow and must look subtle. Modern rouge preparations come in the forms of liquid, cream and dry solids forms.

Powder rouge has the advantage of being more readily carried about, but the cream is much more permanent in result and, if artistically used, defies detection. Powder rouges are usually rubbed on the skin with a rouge cloth or a bit of soft flannel. By applying a neutral shade of rouge like beige for example, directly underneath the cheek bone will soften the cheek bone make it less obvious. If applied before the face powder, the result is heightened.

Although cream rouge looks very similar to a paste rouge and shows little distinction between the cream rouges are emulsions contain water. They were made in either oil-in-water emulsion or water-in-oil emulsion. As they contained water, cream rouges were susceptible to evaporation as well as bacterial and fungal degradation. However, cream or gel rouge has better staying power, while powder rouge comes in larger variety of shades. Cream rouges are great for women who have drier skin since the humectants provide a hydrating benefit.

APPARATUS:       

Spatula, weighing boat, mortar and pestle

INGREDIENTS:

Kaolin, Talc, Magnesium stereate, Zinc oxide, Rice starch, Magnesium carbonate, Colorant (), Titanium dioxide as much as is sufficient

PROCEDURE:

1)      60g of the basic powder formulation without colouring agent (PO) was prepared.

2)      Another 60g of a powder rouge containing 4% of an insoluble red colouring agent (P4) was prepared.

3)      4 other powder rouge preparations were prepared by diluting the 4% powder rouge accordingly to obtain various shades of colour.

4)      The suggested concentration of colouring agent was 0.5 - 4%

FORMULATIONS:

Basic powder formulation		60g of PO (0%)	60g of P4 (4%)
Kaolin	16%	9.6g	9.6g
Talc	48%	28.8g	28.8g
Magnesium stearate	6%	3.6g	3.6g
Zinc Oxide	5%	3.0g	3.0g
Rice starch	10%	6.0g	6.0g
Magnesium carbonate	5%	3.0g	3.0g
Colorant (Colorona magenta)	4%	-	2.4g
Titanium dioxide q.s ad	100%	6g	3.6g

Code	Colorant (%)	Amount of P4	Amount of PO	Total amount of rouge (g)
P1	0.5	2.5	17.5	20
P2	1	5	15	20
P3	2	10	10	20
P4	3	15	5	20
P5	4	20	-	20
	Total (g)	52.5	47.5

STABILITY TESTING:

1)      All the remaining products were placed in one warm and sunny position.

2)      After 4 weeks, the products were evaluated.

Stability Testing

The products are placed in warm and sunny position. Then, the products are evaluated after 4 weeks.

1. Powder rouge when exposed to light

Code	Change in colour	Change Separation	Flow properties
P1	No	No	Good
P2	No	No	Good
P3	No	No	Good
P4	No	No	Good
P5	No	No	Good

      2. Powder rouge in the dark

Code	Change in colour	Change Separation	Flow properties
P1	No	No	Good
P2	No	No	Good
P3	No	No	Good
P4	No	No	Good
P5	No	No	Good

3. Powder rouge when test on cheek

Code	Duration of Application	Result
P1	6 hours	No irritation, smooth
P2	6 hours	No irritation, smooth
P3	6 hours	No irritation, smooth
P4	6 hours	No irritation, smooth
P5	6 hours	No irritation, smooth

DISCUSSION:

In preparation of powder rouge, some important ingredients are needed such as kaolin, talc, and rice starch and magnesium stearate. Kaolin acts as an emollient and drying agent in the powder rouge. Kaolin can also be applied directly to the skin, to dry and soften the skin. Kaolin is a popular ingredient in powder rouge due to its clay texture which provides skincare benefits and also acts as an excellent base. Talc, also known talcum powder, is used primarily as a basis for powders. It is widely used as an active agent and auxiliary agent, with a disinfectant, astringent, anti-itching or cooling effect. Talc is also suitable as a lubricant in powder rouge. Talcum powder is able to absorb moisture, oils, mask odor, and produce an astringent effect with human skin, and thus it is commonly used in powder preparation for external use. Rice starch is used as an excipient, disintegrant or as binder in pharmaceutical products. Starch, a natural polymer, is routinely used as filler, binder and disintegrant in various solid dosage forms. Unique characteristics of rice starch include hypoallergenicity, digestibility, consumer acceptance, bland flavor, small granules, white color, increased freeze– thaw stability of pastes, greater acid resistance, and a wide range of amylose:amylopectin ratios, causing it to have higher demand in pharmaceutical and cosmetics products compared to other excipients.  Magnesium stearate exists as a salt form and it provides lubricating effect for powder products in industry. Magnesium Stearate is used as a dusting addictive and as an anti-caking, binding, thickening and gelling agent. It provides good slip and adhesion to mineral makeup and powder rouge.

            Basic powder formulation without coloring agent is firstly prepared and mixed with another powder rouge containing 4% of insoluble red coloring agent. The powders are mixed with different proportion to get various shades of colors. The higher the concentration of colorant in the formulation, the darker the color of powder observed. 

            Powder rouge is usually compared with cream rouge. Each rouge forms have their own purpose and suitability that can be used in different occasions. Powder rouge works with all skin types, but best suited on oily skin. The densely-packed powder is easier to apply and stay longer on the skin compared to the cream. Powder rouge provides a matte, polished look. Cream blush, on the other hand, is greatly suitable for aging or dry skin. The cream formulas provide hydrating; moisturizing and give a dewy, glowy look on the skin when applied. They’re also really lightweight, which tends to give a more natural flush. However, cream rouge stays for a shorter period compared to powder form. On the other hand, cream and powder rouge can also be applied together, to ensure a natural color on the skin and a long lasting effect. Formulation of powder rouge is mainly made up of powder form, such as kaolin, talc, magnesium stearate and zinc oxide. On the other hand, cream rouge formulation consists of oil and wax, such as cocoa butter, beewax, wool fat and liquid paraffin.

      For the stability test, the powder rouges are stored in different condition; exposed to sunlight and in dark. Few criteria are observed, include the color separation, color change and also the flow properties, changes observed before and after a certain period. After one month, any changes are measured. However as stated in the result, there is no changes in color, flow properties of the powder and no color separation occurs. The presence of light does not really affects the storage and the properties of the powder rouge. The product is relatively stable and there is no change or separation in color due to the fact that there is absence of liquid formulation. In addition, the formulation also contains titanium dioxide which absorbs, reflects, or scatters light (including ultraviolet radiation in light). This shows why the product is protected from deterioration. Besides, magnesium stearate which is a good glidant is also incorporated in the formulation. That is why the powder still has good flow properties even after a month of storage. Glidant is substance that can improve the flow ability of powder.  However, it tested for one month thus precautionary steps are still needed to be done like avoid exposing it to direct sunlight to make sure that the product will not be undergo any chemical or physical changes throughout the usage before the expiring date.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, each ingredient play important role in the formulation of powder rouge. In this experiment, different proportion of colorants used to see if there is any different in physical and chemical changes.

REFERENCES:

1.       John Toedt, Darrell Koza, Kathleen Van Cleef-Toedt. 2005. ‘Chemical composition of everyday products’. Greenwood Publishing Group. Page 25-26

2.      Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics. Formulation and evaluation of powder rouge